Poland

Founding: Poland gained independence in 1918 – after World War One.

Origins: The first reference to a Polish state was found around the year 963. The Kingdom of Poland was ruled over by monarchs from the 10th to the 18th centuries. During this time the territory it incorporated was changing. The 19th century was a tumultuous time for Poland as it was partitioned, uprisings occurred, and the country fought for its independence.

Recent History: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and the resulting Treaty of Versailles granted Poland its independence. Immediately following was the Polish-Soviet War which was fought over a land dispute. In 1921 that war ended and the eastern border of Poland was established. In 1939 Poland was invaded by Nazi troops. It is estimated that more than 15% of Poland’s population was murdered during World War Two and some of the most infamous concentration camps were built on Polish soil. Following the end of the war, Poland became under the rule of Stalinism. In 1989 Poland became self-governing and parliamentary elections were held.